I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua holomua nui ka ʻenehana ʻenehana o ka ʻoihana kemika o Kina, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻano hana kemika a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū mākeke. ʻIke nui kēia ʻatikala i nā kaʻina hana like ʻole o ka epoxy propane.

Wahi a ka noiʻi, ʻo ka ʻōlelo paʻa loa, ʻekolu mau kaʻina hana no ka epoxy propane, ʻo ia ke ʻano chlorohydrin, ke ʻano co oxidation (Halcon method), a me ka hydrogen peroxide direct oxidation method (HPPO). I kēia manawa, ʻo ke ʻano chlorohydrin a me ke ʻano HPPO nā kaʻina hana nui no ka hana ʻana i ka epoxy propane.

ʻO ke ʻano Chlorohydrin kahi ʻano hana epoxy propane me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka propylene a me ke kinoea chlorine ma ke ʻano he kumu ma o nā kaʻina e like me ka chlorohydrination, saponification, a me ka distillation. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka epoxy propane, akā hoʻopuka pū kekahi i ka nui o ka wai ʻino a me ke kinoea hoʻopau, he hopena koʻikoʻi i ke kaiapuni.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana co oxidation he kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i ka propylene oxide me ka propylene, ethylbenzene, a me ka oxygen e like me nā mea maka. ʻO ka mea mua, hana ka ethylbenzene me ka ea e hana i ka ethylbenzene peroxide. A laila, komo ka ethylbenzene peroxide i ka hopena cyclization me propylene e hana i ka epoxy propane a me ka phenylethanol. He kaʻina hana paʻakikī kēia kaʻina hana a hoʻopuka i nā huahana he nui, no laila, ke alo pū nei i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni.

ʻO ke ʻano HPPO he kaʻina hana ia o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka methanol, propylene, a me ka hydrogen peroxide ma kahi ratio nui o 4.2:1.3:1 i kahi reactor i loaʻa ka zeolite titanium silicate catalyst (TS-1) no ka pane ʻana. Hiki i kēia kaʻina hana ke hoʻololi i ka 98% o ka hydrogen peroxide, a hiki i ka koho o ka epoxy propane hiki ke hiki i 95%. Hiki ke ho'iho'i hou 'ia ka propylene i ka reactor no ka ho'ohana hou 'ana.

ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo ka epoxy propane i hana ʻia e kēia kaʻina hana ʻo ia wale nō ka huahana i ʻae ʻia no ka lawe ʻana aku ma Kina.

Ke helu nei mākou i ke kumu kūʻai mai 2009 a i waena o 2023 a nānā i nā loli i ka hana ʻana o ka epichlorohydrin a me nā kaʻina HPPO i nā makahiki he 14 i hala.

ʻO ke ʻano epichlorohydrin

1.ʻO ke ʻano epichlorohydrin ka waiwai no ka hapa nui o ka manawa. I nā makahiki he 14 i hala iho nei, ua hōʻea ka loaʻa kālā o ka epichlorohydrin ma ke ʻano chlorohydrin i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma 8358 yuan / ton, i loaʻa ma 2021. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 2019, he 55 yuan / ton.

2.ʻO ka loli o ka loaʻa kālā o ke ʻano epichlorohydrin e kūlike me ke kumukūʻai o ka epichlorohydrin. Ke piʻi aʻe ke kumukūʻai o ka epoxy propane, e hoʻonui pū ka loaʻa kālā o ka epichlorohydrin. Hōʻike kēia kūlike i ka hopena maʻamau o nā loli i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mākeke a me ka noi a me ka waiwai o nā huahana ma nā kumukūʻai o nā huahana ʻelua. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2021, ma muli o ka maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polyether foam palupalu, kahi i hoʻonui ai i ke kumukūʻai o ka epoxy propane, i ka hopena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka mōʻaukala i ka palena waiwai o ka hana epichlorohydrin.

3.ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka propylene a me ka propylene oxide e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka wā lōʻihi, akā i ka nui o nā hihia, aia kahi ʻokoʻa nui i ka amplitude fluctuation ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. Hōʻike kēia i nā kumu kūʻai o propylene a me epichlorohydrin e hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu like ʻole, me nā kumukūʻai propylene he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hana epichlorohydrin. Ma muli o ka propylene ka mea kumu nui no ka hana epichlorohydrin, ʻo kona mau kumukūʻai e loaʻa i ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ke kumu kūʻai o ka hana epichlorohydrin.

ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka loaʻa kālā o ka epichlorohydrin ma Kina i loko o kahi kūlana maikaʻi no ka hapa nui o nā makahiki 14 i hala iho nei, a ua kūlike nā loli o ka loaʻa kālā me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o epichlorohydrin. ʻO nā kumukūʻai propylene kahi mea nui e pili ana i ka loaʻa kālā o ka epichlorohydrin ma Kina.

ʻO ke ʻano HPPO epoxy propane

1.ʻO ke ʻano HPPO Kina no ka epoxypropane ua loaʻa ka waiwai no ka hapa nui o ka manawa, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona loaʻa kālā ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano chlorohydrin. I loko o kahi manawa pōkole loa, ua ʻike ke ʻano HPPO i nā poho o ka epoxy propane, a no ka hapa nui o ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona pae waiwai ma mua o ke ʻano o ka chlorohydrin.

2.Ma muli o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka epoxy propane ma 2021, ua hōʻea ka loaʻa kālā o ka HPPO epoxy propane i ka mōʻaukala kiʻekiʻe ma 2021, a hiki i ka 6611 yuan / ton. Eia nō naʻe, aia nō kahi āpau o kahi kokoke i 2000 yuan/ton ma waena o kēia pae waiwai a me ke ʻano chlorohydrin. Hōʻike kēia ʻoiai he mau mea maikaʻi ke ʻano o ka HPPO ma kekahi mau ʻano, ʻo ke ʻano o ka chlorohydrin he mau pono koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano o ka loaʻa kālā holoʻokoʻa.

3.Eia hou, ma ka helu ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā o ke ʻano HPPO me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumukūʻai hydrogen peroxide he 50%, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻohe pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke kumu kūʻai o ka hydrogen peroxide a me ka fluctuations kumukūʻai o propylene a propylene oxide. Hōʻike kēia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā o ke ʻano HPPO o Kina no ka epoxypropane e kaohi ʻia e nā kumukūʻai o propylene a me ka hydrogen peroxide kiʻekiʻe. Ma muli o ka pilina pili ma waena o ke kumukūʻai o kēia mau mea maka a me nā huahana waena a me nā kumu e like me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mākeke a me ke koi a me nā kumukūʻai hana, ua loaʻa ka hopena nui i ka loaʻa kālā o ka epoxy propane me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano HPPO.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā no ka hapa nui o ka manawa akā me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka loaʻa kālā. ʻOiai he mau mea maikaʻi kona ma kekahi mau ʻano, ma ka laulā, pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kona loaʻa kālā. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka loaʻa kālā o ka epoxy propane HPPO e ka fluctuations kumukūʻai o nā mea maka a me nā huahana waena, ʻoi aku ka propylene a me ka hydrogen peroxide kiʻekiʻe. No laila, pono nā mea hana e nānā pono i nā ʻano mākeke a hoʻoponopono i nā hoʻolālā hana kūpono e hoʻokō ai i ka pae waiwai maikaʻi loa.

ʻO ka hopena o nā kumu waiwai nui i kā lākou mau kumukūʻai ma lalo o nā kaʻina hana ʻelua

1.ʻOiai ʻo ka loli o ka loaʻa kālā o ke ʻano epichlorohydrin a me ke ʻano HPPO e hōʻike ana i ka kūlike, aia nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka hopena o nā mea maka i kā lākou loaʻa. Hōʻike kēia ʻokoʻa i nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai ma waena o kēia mau kaʻina hana ʻelua i ka wā e pili ana i nā fluctuations o nā kumukūʻai maka.

2.Ma ke ʻano chlorohydrin, ʻo ka hapa o ka propylene i ke kumukūʻai hiki i ka awelika o 67%, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka manawa, a hiki i ka nui o 72%. Hōʻike kēia i ke kaʻina hana o ka chlorohydrin, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o propylene ka hopena nui loa i ke kaumaha. No laila, ʻo ka loli o ke kumukūʻai propylene he hopena pololei i ke kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa kālā o ka hana epichlorohydrin ma ke ʻano chlorohydrin. Kūlike kēia nānā ʻana me ke ʻano lōʻihi o ka loaʻa kālā a me ke kumukūʻai propylene i ka hana ʻana o ka epichlorohydrin ma ke ʻano chlorohydrin i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua.

I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ma ke ʻano HPPO, ʻo ka hopena awelika o ka propylene ma kāna kumukūʻai he 61%, me kekahi i loaʻa ka hopena kiʻekiʻe loa ma 68% a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa loa ma 55%. Hōʻike kēia i ke kaʻina hana HPPO, ʻoiai he nui ke kaumaha o ke kumu kūʻai o propylene, ʻaʻole ikaika e like me ka hopena o ke ʻano chlorohydrin i kona kumukūʻai. Ma muli paha o ka hopena koʻikoʻi o nā mea maka e like me ka hydrogen peroxide i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana HPPO ma luna o nā kumukūʻai, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena o ke kumukūʻai propylene i nā kumukūʻai.

3.Inā piʻi ke kumu kūʻai o propylene ma 10%, ʻoi aku ka hopena o ke kumu kūʻai o ke ʻano chlorohydrin ma mua o ke ʻano HPPO. 'O ia ho'i, i ka wā e ho'ololi ai i nā kumukū'ai propylene, 'oi aku ka hopena o ke kumu kū'ai o ke ka'ina chlorohydrin, a ma ke 'ano ma'amau, 'oi aku ka maika'i o ka ho'okele kumu kū'ai a me ka mana o ka loa'a kālā ma ka HPPO. Hōʻike hou kēia ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa i ka pane ʻana i nā loli o nā kumukūʻai maka ma waena o nā kaʻina hana like ʻole.

Loaʻa ka kūlike o ka loaʻa kālā ma waena o ke ʻano chlorohydrin Kina a me ke ʻano HPPO no ka epoxy propane, akā aia nā ʻokoʻa i ka hopena o nā mea maka i kā lākou loaʻa. I ka wā e pili ana i ka fluctuations o nā kumu kūʻai maka, hōʻike nā kaʻina hana ʻelua i ka hoʻokele kumu kūʻai like ʻole a me nā mana hoʻokele waiwai. Ma waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ʻano o ka chlorohydrin i ka fluctuation o ke kumukūʻai propylene, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano HPPO he kūpaʻa maikaʻi. He koʻikoʻi alakaʻi kēia mau kānāwai no nā ʻoihana e koho i nā kaʻina hana a hoʻolālā i nā hoʻolālā hana.

ʻO ka hopena o nā mea kōkua a me nā mea waiwai i kā lākou mau kumukūʻai ma lalo o nā kaʻina hana ʻelua

1.ʻO ka hopena o ka chlorine wai i ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana o ka epichlorohydrin ma ke ʻano chlorohydrin he 8% wale nō i nā makahiki he 14 i hala, a hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe hopena kumu kūʻai pololei. Hōʻike kēia nānā ʻana he wahi liʻiliʻi ka wai chlorine i ke kaʻina hana o ka chlorohydrin, a he liʻiliʻi ka hopena o kāna mau kumukūʻai i ke kumukūʻai o ka epichlorohydrin i hana ʻia e chlorohydrin.

2.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu kūʻai o ka hydrogen peroxide kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano HPPO o ka epoxy propane ma mua o ke kinoea chlorine ma ke kumu kūʻai o ke ʻano chlorohydrin. ʻO ka hydrogen peroxide kahi mea hoʻomake nui i ka HPPO kaʻina hana, a ʻo kona mau kumu kūʻai i ka hopena pololei i ke kumukūʻai o ka epoxy propane ma ke kaʻina HPPO, ʻelua wale nō i ka propylene. Hōʻike kēia ʻike i ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka hydrogen peroxide i ke kaʻina hana HPPO.

3.Inā hana ka ʻoihana i kāna kinoea chlorine ponoʻī, hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia ke kumu kūʻai o ke kinoea chlorine ma ka hana epichlorohydrin. Ma muli paha o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ke kinoea chlorine by-product, a he liʻiliʻi ka hopena i ke kumukūʻai o ka hana epichlorohydrin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chlorohydrin.

4.Inā hoʻohana ʻia kahi 75% o ka hydrogen peroxide, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ke kumu kūʻai o ka hydrogen peroxide ma ke ʻano HPPO o ka epoxy propane ma mua o 30%, a e hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai. Hōʻike kēia nānā ʻana i ka epoxy propane i hana ʻia e ke ʻano HPPO ʻaʻole i pili wale ʻia e nā loli nui o ka propylene maka, akā me nā loli nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka hydrogen peroxide. Ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka hydrogen peroxide i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana HPPO i 75%, hoʻonui ʻia ka nui a me ke kumukūʻai o ka hydrogen peroxide. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka mākeke, a e piʻi aʻe ka volatility o kāna mau waiwai, e ʻoi aku ka hopena o kāna kumukūʻai mākeke.

Aia kahi ʻokoʻa nui i ka hopena o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea waiwai kōkua no ka hana ʻana o ka epichlorohydrin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano chlorohydrin a me ke ʻano HPPO. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena o ka wai chlorine i ke kumukūʻai o ka epichlorohydrin i hana ʻia e ke ʻano chlorohydrin, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka hydrogen peroxide i ke kumukūʻai o ka epichlorohydrin i hana ʻia e ke ʻano HPPO. I ka manawa like, inā hana ka hui i kāna kinoea chlorine huahana a hoʻohana paha i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka hydrogen peroxide, ʻokoʻa ka hopena o ke kumukūʻai. He koʻikoʻi alakaʻi ko kēia mau kānāwai no nā ʻoihana e koho i nā kaʻina hana, hoʻolālā i nā hoʻolālā hana, a hoʻokō i ka mālama kumu kūʻai.

Ma muli o ka ʻikepili o kēia manawa a me nā ʻano, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā papahana epoxy propane i ka wā e hiki mai ana, me ka hapa nui o nā papahana hou e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano HPPO a me ke ʻano ethylbenzene co oxidation. ʻO kēia hanana e alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi no nā mea maka e like me ka propylene a me ka hydrogen peroxide, e ʻoi aku ka hopena o ke kumukūʻai o ka epoxy propane a me ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana.

Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona kumu kūʻai, hiki i nā ʻoihana me kahi ʻano hoʻohālike i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kaulahao ʻoihana ke hoʻomalu maikaʻi i ka hopena o ke kaumaha o nā mea maka, a laila e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokūkū mākeke. Ma muli o ka nui o nā papahana hou no ka epoxy propane i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hoʻohana i ke ʻano HPPO, e hoʻonui ʻia ke koi no ka hydrogen peroxide, e hoʻonui ai i ke kaumaha o ka hopena o ka fluctuations kumukūʻai hydrogen peroxide i ke kumukūʻai o ka propane epoxy.

Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ethylbenzene co oxidation i nā papahana hou o ka epoxy propane i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hoʻonui ʻia ka noi no propylene. No laila, e piʻi aʻe ke kaumaha o ka hopena o ke kumukūʻai propylene i ke kumukūʻai o ka epoxy propane. E lawe mai kēia mau mea i nā pilikia a me nā manawa kūpono i ka ʻoihana epoxy propane.

ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana epoxy propane i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hoʻohuli ʻia e nā papahana hoʻomau a me nā mea maka. No nā ʻoihana e hoʻohana ana i ka HPPO a me ka ethylbenzene co oxidation, pono e uku nui ʻia i ka hoʻokele kumu kūʻai a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaulahao ʻoihana. No nā mea hoʻolako maka, pono e hoʻoikaika i ka paʻa o ka lako waiwai a me ka hoʻomalu i nā kumukūʻai e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻokūkū mākeke.